lxml.html package — lxml documentation

# lxml.html package

## Submodules

- lxml.html.ElementSoup module
- lxml.html.builder module
  - `CLASS()`
  - `FOR()`
  - `A`
  - `ABBR`
  - `ACRONYM`
  - `ADDRESS`
  - `APPLET`
  - `AREA`
  - `ARTICLE`
  - `ASIDE`
  - `AUDIO`
  - `B`
  - `BASE`
  - `BASEFONT`
  - `BDI`
  - `BDO`
  - `BIG`
  - `BLOCKQUOTE`
  - `BODY`
  - `BR`
  - `BUTTON`
  - `CANVAS`
  - `CAPTION`
  - `CENTER`
  - `CITE`
  - `CODE`
  - `COL`
  - `COLGROUP`
  - `DATA`
  - `DATALIST`
  - `DD`
  - `DEL`
  - `DETAILS`
  - `DFN`
  - `DIALOG`
  - `DIR`
  - `DIV`
  - `DL`
  - `DT`
  - `EM`
  - `EMBED`
  - `FIELDSET`
  - `FIGCAPTION`
  - `FIGURE`
  - `FONT`
  - `FOOTER`
  - `FORM`
  - `FRAME`
  - `FRAMESET`
  - `H1`
  - `H2`
  - `H3`
  - `H4`
  - `H5`
  - `H6`
  - `HEAD`
  - `HEADER`
  - `HGROUP`
  - `HR`
  - `HTML`
  - `I`
  - `IFRAME`
  - `IMG`
  - `INPUT`
  - `INS`
  - `ISINDEX`
  - `KBD`
  - `LABEL`
  - `LEGEND`
  - `LI`
  - `LINK`
  - `MAIN`
  - `MAP`
  - `MARK`
  - `MARQUEE`
  - `MENU`
  - `META`
  - `METER`
  - `NAV`
  - `NOBR`
  - `NOFRAMES`
  - `NOSCRIPT`
  - `OBJECT`
  - `OL`
  - `OPTGROUP`
  - `OPTION`
  - `OUTPUT`
  - `P`
  - `PARAM`
  - `PICTURE`
  - `PORTAL`
  - `PRE`
  - `PROGRESS`
  - `Q`
  - `RB`
  - `RP`
  - `RT`
  - `RTC`
  - `RUBY`
  - `S`
  - `SAMP`
  - `SCRIPT`
  - `SEARCH`
  - `SECTION`
  - `SELECT`
  - `SLOT`
  - `SMALL`
  - `SOURCE`
  - `SPAN`
  - `STRIKE`
  - `STRONG`
  - `STYLE`
  - `SUB`
  - `SUMMARY`
  - `SUP`
  - `TABLE`
  - `TBODY`
  - `TD`
  - `TEMPLATE`
  - `TEXTAREA`
  - `TFOOT`
  - `TH`
  - `THEAD`
  - `TIME`
  - `TITLE`
  - `TR`
  - `TRACK`
  - `TT`
  - `U`
  - `UL`
  - `VAR`
  - `VIDEO`
  - `WBR`
- lxml.html.clean module
- lxml.html.defs module
- lxml.html.diff module
  - `DEL_END`
  - `DEL_START`
  - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.get_grouped_opcodes()`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.ratio()`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.set_seq1()`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.set_seq2()`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.set_seqs()`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.a`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.b`
    - `InsensitiveSequenceMatcher.threshold`
  - `href_token`
    - `href_token.maketrans()`
    - `href_token.capitalize()`
    - `href_token.casefold()`
    - `href_token.center()`
    - `href_token.count()`
    - `href_token.encode()`
    - `href_token.endswith()`
    - `href_token.expandtabs()`
    - `href_token.find()`
    - `href_token.format()`
    - `href_token.format_map()`
    - `href_token.html()`
    - `href_token.index()`
    - `href_token.isalnum()`
    - `href_token.isalpha()`
    - `href_token.isascii()`
    - `href_token.isdecimal()`
    - `href_token.isdigit()`
    - `href_token.isidentifier()`
    - `href_token.islower()`
    - `href_token.isnumeric()`
    - `href_token.isprintable()`
    - `href_token.isspace()`
    - `href_token.istitle()`
    - `href_token.isupper()`
    - `href_token.join()`
    - `href_token.ljust()`
    - `href_token.lower()`
    - `href_token.lstrip()`
    - `href_token.partition()`
    - `href_token.removeprefix()`
    - `href_token.removesuffix()`
    - `href_token.replace()`
    - `href_token.rfind()`
    - `href_token.rindex()`
    - `href_token.rjust()`
    - `href_token.rpartition()`
    - `href_token.rsplit()`
    - `href_token.rstrip()`
    - `href_token.split()`
    - `href_token.splitlines()`
    - `href_token.startswith()`
    - `href_token.strip()`
    - `href_token.swapcase()`
    - `href_token.title()`
    - `href_token.translate()`
    - `href_token.upper()`
    - `href_token.zfill()`
    - `href_token.hide_when_equal`
  - `tag_token`
    - `tag_token.maketrans()`
    - `tag_token.capitalize()`
    - `tag_token.casefold()`
    - `tag_token.center()`
    - `tag_token.count()`
    - `tag_token.encode()`
    - `tag_token.endswith()`
    - `tag_token.expandtabs()`
    - `tag_token.find()`
    - `tag_token.format()`
    - `tag_token.format_map()`
    - `tag_token.html()`
    - `tag_token.index()`
    - `tag_token.isalnum()`
    - `tag_token.isalpha()`
    - `tag_token.isascii()`
    - `tag_token.isdecimal()`
    - `tag_token.isdigit()`
    - `tag_token.isidentifier()`
    - `tag_token.islower()`
    - `tag_token.isnumeric()`
    - `tag_token.isprintable()`
    - `tag_token.isspace()`
    - `tag_token.istitle()`
    - `tag_token.isupper()`
    - `tag_token.join()`
    - `tag_token.ljust()`
    - `tag_token.lower()`
    - `tag_token.lstrip()`
    - `tag_token.partition()`
    - `tag_token.removeprefix()`
    - `tag_token.removesuffix()`
    - `tag_token.replace()`
    - `tag_token.rfind()`
    - `tag_token.rindex()`
    - `tag_token.rjust()`
    - `tag_token.rpartition()`
    - `tag_token.rsplit()`
    - `tag_token.rstrip()`
    - `tag_token.split()`
    - `tag_token.splitlines()`
    - `tag_token.startswith()`
    - `tag_token.strip()`
    - `tag_token.swapcase()`
    - `tag_token.title()`
    - `tag_token.translate()`
    - `tag_token.upper()`
    - `tag_token.zfill()`
    - `tag_token.hide_when_equal`
  - `token`
    - `token.maketrans()`
    - `token.capitalize()`
    - `token.casefold()`
    - `token.center()`
    - `token.count()`
    - `token.encode()`
    - `token.endswith()`
    - `token.expandtabs()`
    - `token.find()`
    - `token.format()`
    - `token.format_map()`
    - `token.html()`
    - `token.index()`
    - `token.isalnum()`
    - `token.isalpha()`
    - `token.isascii()`
    - `token.isdecimal()`
    - `token.isdigit()`
    - `token.isidentifier()`
    - `token.islower()`
    - `token.isnumeric()`
    - `token.isprintable()`
    - `token.isspace()`
    - `token.istitle()`
    - `token.isupper()`
    - `token.join()`
    - `token.ljust()`
    - `token.lower()`
    - `token.lstrip()`
    - `token.partition()`
    - `token.removeprefix()`
    - `token.removesuffix()`
    - `token.replace()`
    - `token.rfind()`
    - `token.rindex()`
    - `token.rjust()`
    - `token.rpartition()`
    - `token.rsplit()`
    - `token.rstrip()`
    - `token.split()`
    - `token.splitlines()`
    - `token.startswith()`
    - `token.strip()`
    - `token.swapcase()`
    - `token.title()`
    - `token.translate()`
    - `token.upper()`
    - `token.zfill()`
    - `token.hide_when_equal`
  - `__pyx_unpickle_InsensitiveSequenceMatcher()`
  - `_find_words()`
  - `_has_start_whitespace()`
  - `_merge_element_contents()`
  - `_replace_ins_del()`
  - `_search_body()`
  - `_search_end_body()`
  - `cleanup_delete()`
  - `cleanup_html()`
  - `compress_tokens()`
  - `copy_annotations()`
  - `default_markup()`
  - `end_tag()`
  - `expand_tokens()`
  - `fixup_chunks()`
  - `fixup_ins_del_tags()`
  - `flatten_el()`
  - `html_annotate()`
  - `html_annotate_merge_annotations()`
  - `htmldiff()`
  - `htmldiff_tokens()`
  - `is_end_tag()`
  - `is_start_tag()`
  - `is_word()`
  - `markup_serialize_tokens()`
  - `merge_delete()`
  - `merge_insert()`
  - `parse_html()`
  - `serialize_html_fragment()`
  - `split_trailing_whitespace()`
  - `split_words()`
  - `start_tag()`
  - `tokenize()`
  - `tokenize_annotated()`
- lxml.html.formfill module
  - `FormNotFound`
    - `FormNotFound.add_note()`
    - `FormNotFound.with_traceback()`
    - `FormNotFound.args`
  - `DefaultErrorCreator`
    - `DefaultErrorCreator.block_inside`
    - `DefaultErrorCreator.default_message`
    - `DefaultErrorCreator.error_block_class`
    - `DefaultErrorCreator.error_container_tag`
    - `DefaultErrorCreator.error_message_class`
    - `DefaultErrorCreator.insert_before`
  - `_add_class()`
  - `_check()`
  - `_fill_form()`
  - `_fill_multiple()`
  - `_fill_single()`
  - `_find_elements_for_name()`
  - `_find_form()`
  - `_find_form_ids()`
  - `_insert_error()`
  - `_select()`
  - `_takes_multiple()`
  - `fill_form()`
  - `fill_form_html()`
  - `insert_errors()`
  - `insert_errors_html()`
- lxml.html.html5parser module
- lxml.html.soupparser module

## Module contents

The `lxml.html` tool set for HTML handling.

class lxml.html.CheckboxGroup(iterable=(), /)

  Bases: `list`

  Represents a group of checkboxes (`<input type=checkbox>`) that have the same name.

  In addition to using this like a list, the `.value` attribute returns a set-like object that you can add to or remove from to check and uncheck checkboxes. You can also use `.value_options` to get the possible values.

  append(object, /)

    Append object to the end of the list.

  clear()

    Remove all items from list.

  copy()

    Return a shallow copy of the list.

  count(value, /)

    Return number of occurrences of value.

  extend(iterable, /)

    Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.

  index(value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)

    Return first index of value.

    Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

  insert(index, object, /)

    Insert object before index.

  pop(index=-1, /)

    Remove and return item at index (default last).

    Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.

  remove(value, /)

    Remove first occurrence of value.

    Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

  reverse()

    Reverse IN PLACE.

  sort(*, key=None, reverse=False)

    Sort the list in ascending order and return None.

    The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the order of two equal elements is maintained).

    If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them, ascending or descending, according to their function values.

    The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.

  property value

    Return a set-like object that can be modified to check or uncheck individual checkboxes according to their value.

  property value_options

    Returns a list of all the possible values.

class lxml.html.CheckboxValues(group)

  Bases: `SetMixin`

  Represents the values of the checked checkboxes in a group of checkboxes with the same name.

  classmethod _from_iterable(it)

    Construct an instance of the class from any iterable input.

    Must override this method if the class constructor signature does not accept an iterable for an input.

  _hash()

    Compute the hash value of a set.

    Note that we don’t define __hash__: not all sets are hashable. But if you define a hashable set type, its __hash__ should call this function.

    This must be compatible __eq__.

    All sets ought to compare equal if they contain the same elements, regardless of how they are implemented, and regardless of the order of the elements; so there’s not much freedom for __eq__ or __hash__. We match the algorithm used by the built-in frozenset type.

  add(value)

    Add an element.

  clear()

    This is slow (creates N new iterators!) but effective.

  copy()
  difference(other)
  difference_update(other)
  discard(item)

    Remove an element. Do not raise an exception if absent.

  intersection(other)
  intersection_update(other)
  isdisjoint(other)

    Return True if two sets have a null intersection.

  issubset(other)

    Return self<=value.

  issuperset(other)

    Return self>=value.

  pop()

    Return the popped value. Raise KeyError if empty.

  remove(value)

    Remove an element. If not a member, raise a KeyError.

  symmetric_difference(other)
  symmetric_difference_update(other)
  union(other)

    Return self|value.

  update(other)
  _abc_impl = <_abc._abc_data object>

class lxml.html.Classes(attributes)

  Bases: `MutableSet`

  Provides access to an element’s class attribute as a set-like collection. Usage:

      >>> el = fromstring('<p class="hidden large">Text</p>')
      >>> classes = el.classes  # or: classes = Classes(el.attrib)
      >>> classes |= ['block', 'paragraph']
      >>> el.get('class')
      'hidden large block paragraph'
      >>> classes.toggle('hidden')
      False
      >>> el.get('class')
      'large block paragraph'
      >>> classes -= ('some', 'classes', 'block')
      >>> el.get('class')
      'large paragraph'

  classmethod _from_iterable(it)

    Construct an instance of the class from any iterable input.

    Must override this method if the class constructor signature does not accept an iterable for an input.

  _hash()

    Compute the hash value of a set.

    Note that we don’t define __hash__: not all sets are hashable. But if you define a hashable set type, its __hash__ should call this function.

    This must be compatible __eq__.

    All sets ought to compare equal if they contain the same elements, regardless of how they are implemented, and regardless of the order of the elements; so there’s not much freedom for __eq__ or __hash__. We match the algorithm used by the built-in frozenset type.

  add(value)

    Add a class.

    This has no effect if the class is already present.

  clear()

    This is slow (creates N new iterators!) but effective.

  discard(value)

    Remove a class if it is currently present.

    If the class is not present, do nothing.

  isdisjoint(other)

    Return True if two sets have a null intersection.

  pop()

    Return the popped value. Raise KeyError if empty.

  remove(value)

    Remove a class; it must currently be present.

    If the class is not present, raise a KeyError.

  toggle(value)

    Add a class name if it isn’t there yet, or remove it if it exists.

    Returns true if the class was added (and is now enabled) and false if it was removed (and is now disabled).

  update(values)

    Add all names from ‘values’.

  _abc_impl = <_abc._abc_data object>

class lxml.html.FieldsDict(inputs)

  Bases: `MutableMapping`

  clear() → None. Remove all items from D.
  get(k[, d]) → D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.
  items() → a set-like object providing a view on D's items
  keys() → a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
  pop(k[, d]) → v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.

    If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.

  popitem() → (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair

    as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

  setdefault(k[, d]) → D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D
  update([E, ]**F) → None. Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.

    If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E.keys(): D[k] = E[k] If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v

  values() → an object providing a view on D's values
  _abc_impl = <_abc._abc_data object>

class lxml.html.FormElement

  Bases: `HtmlElement`

  Represents a <form> element.

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  _name()
  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, element)

    Adds a subelement to the end of this element.

  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  form_values()

    Return a list of tuples of the field values for the form. This is suitable to be passed to `urllib.urlencode()`.

  get(self, key, default=None)

    Gets an element attribute.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, element)

    Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element

  items(self)

    Gets element attributes, as a sequence. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)

    Gets a list of attribute names. The names are returned in an arbitrary order (just like for an ordinary Python dictionary).

  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)

    Gets element attribute values as a sequence of strings. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  property action

    Get/set the form’s `action` attribute.

  attrib

    Element attribute dictionary. Where possible, use get(), set(), keys(), values() and items() to access element attributes.

  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property fields

    Dictionary-like object that represents all the fields in this form. You can set values in this dictionary to effect the form.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property inputs

    Returns an accessor for all the input elements in the form.

    See InputGetter for more information about the object.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  property method

    Get/set the form’s method. Always returns a capitalized string, and defaults to `'GET'`

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag

    Element tag

  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

    Text before the first subelement. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

class lxml.html.HTMLParser(**kwargs)

  Bases: `HTMLParser`

  An HTML parser that is configured to return lxml.html Element objects.

  close(self)

    Terminates feeding data to this parser. This tells the parser to process any remaining data in the feed buffer, and then returns the root Element of the tree that was parsed.

    This method must be called after passing the last chunk of data into the `feed()` method. It should only be called when using the feed parser interface, all other usage is undefined.

  copy(self)

    Create a new parser with the same configuration.

  feed(self, data)

    Feeds data to the parser. The argument should be an 8-bit string buffer containing encoded data, although Unicode is supported as long as both string types are not mixed.

    This is the main entry point to the consumer interface of a parser. The parser will parse as much of the XML stream as it can on each call. To finish parsing or to reset the parser, call the `close()` method. Both methods may raise ParseError if errors occur in the input data. If an error is raised, there is no longer a need to call `close()`.

    The feed parser interface is independent of the normal parser usage. You can use the same parser as a feed parser and in the `parse()` function concurrently.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with this parser.

  set_element_class_lookup(self, lookup=None)

    Set a lookup scheme for element classes generated from this parser.

    Reset it by passing None or nothing.

  error_log

    The error log of the last parser run.

  feed_error_log

    The error log of the last (or current) run of the feed parser.

    Note that this is local to the feed parser and thus is different from what the `error_log` property returns.

  resolvers

    The custom resolver registry of this parser.

  target
  version

    The version of the underlying XML parser.

class lxml.html.HtmlComment

  Bases: `HtmlMixin`, `CommentBase`

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, value)
  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)
  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, value)
  items(self)
  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)
  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)
  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib
  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag
  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

class lxml.html.HtmlElement

  Bases: `HtmlMixin`, `ElementBase`

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, element)

    Adds a subelement to the end of this element.

  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)

    Gets an element attribute.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, element)

    Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element

  items(self)

    Gets element attributes, as a sequence. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)

    Gets a list of attribute names. The names are returned in an arbitrary order (just like for an ordinary Python dictionary).

  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)

    Gets element attribute values as a sequence of strings. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib

    Element attribute dictionary. Where possible, use get(), set(), keys(), values() and items() to access element attributes.

  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag

    Element tag

  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

    Text before the first subelement. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

class lxml.html.HtmlElementClassLookup(classes=None, mixins=None)

  Bases: `CustomElementClassLookup`

  A lookup scheme for HTML Element classes.

  To create a lookup instance with different Element classes, pass a tag name mapping of Element classes in the `classes` keyword argument and/or a tag name mapping of Mixin classes in the `mixins` keyword argument. The special key ‘*’ denotes a Mixin class that should be mixed into all Element classes.

  lookup(self, type, doc, namespace, name)
  set_fallback(self, lookup)

    Sets the fallback scheme for this lookup method.

  _default_element_classes = {'form': <class 'lxml.html.FormElement'>, 'input': <class 'lxml.html.InputElement'>, 'label': <class 'lxml.html.LabelElement'>, 'select': <class 'lxml.html.SelectElement'>, 'textarea': <class 'lxml.html.TextareaElement'>}
  fallback

class lxml.html.HtmlEntity

  Bases: `HtmlMixin`, `EntityBase`

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, value)
  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)
  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, value)
  items(self)
  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)
  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)
  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib
  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  name
  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag
  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

class lxml.html.HtmlMixin

  Bases: `object`

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

class lxml.html.HtmlProcessingInstruction

  Bases: `HtmlMixin`, `PIBase`

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, value)
  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)

    Try to parse pseudo-attributes from the text content of the processing instruction, search for one with the given key as name and return its associated value.

    Note that this is only a convenience method for the most common case that all text content is structured in attribute-like name-value pairs with properly quoted values. It is not guaranteed to work for all possible text content.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, value)
  items(self)
  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)
  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)
  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib

    Returns a dict containing all pseudo-attributes that can be parsed from the text content of this processing instruction. Note that modifying the dict currently has no effect on the XML node, although this is not guaranteed to stay this way.

  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag
  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  target
  text

class lxml.html.InputElement

  Bases: `InputMixin`, `HtmlElement`

  Represents an `<input>` element.

  You can get the type with `.type` (which is lower-cased and defaults to `'text'`).

  Also you can get and set the value with `.value`

  Checkboxes and radios have the attribute `input.checkable == True` (for all others it is false) and a boolean attribute `.checked`.

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, element)

    Adds a subelement to the end of this element.

  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)

    Gets an element attribute.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, element)

    Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element

  items(self)

    Gets element attributes, as a sequence. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)

    Gets a list of attribute names. The names are returned in an arbitrary order (just like for an ordinary Python dictionary).

  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)

    Gets element attribute values as a sequence of strings. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib

    Element attribute dictionary. Where possible, use get(), set(), keys(), values() and items() to access element attributes.

  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property checkable

    Boolean: can this element be checked?

  property checked

    Boolean attribute to get/set the presence of the `checked` attribute.

    You can only use this on checkable input types.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  property name

    Get/set the name of the element

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag

    Element tag

  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

    Text before the first subelement. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  property type

    Return the type of this element (using the type attribute).

  property value

    Get/set the value of this element, using the `value` attribute.

    Also, if this is a checkbox and it has no value, this defaults to `'on'`. If it is a checkbox or radio that is not checked, this returns None.

class lxml.html.InputGetter(form)

  Bases: `object`

  An accessor that represents all the input fields in a form.

  You can get fields by name from this, with `form.inputs['field_name']`. If there are a set of checkboxes with the same name, they are returned as a list (a CheckboxGroup which also allows value setting). Radio inputs are handled similarly. Use `.keys()` and `.items()` to process all fields in this way.

  You can also iterate over this to get all input elements. This won’t return the same thing as if you get all the names, as checkboxes and radio elements are returned individually.

  items()

    Returns all fields with their names, similar to dict.items().

    Returns:

      A list of (name, field) tuples.

  keys()

    Returns all unique field names, in document order.

    Returns:

      A list of all unique field names.

class lxml.html.InputMixin

  Bases: `object`

  Mix-in for all input elements (input, select, and textarea)

  property name

    Get/set the name of the element

class lxml.html.LabelElement

  Bases: `HtmlElement`

  Represents a `<label>` element.

  Label elements are linked to other elements with their `for` attribute. You can access this element with `label.for_element`.

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, element)

    Adds a subelement to the end of this element.

  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)

    Gets an element attribute.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, element)

    Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element

  items(self)

    Gets element attributes, as a sequence. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)

    Gets a list of attribute names. The names are returned in an arbitrary order (just like for an ordinary Python dictionary).

  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)

    Gets element attribute values as a sequence of strings. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib

    Element attribute dictionary. Where possible, use get(), set(), keys(), values() and items() to access element attributes.

  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property for_element

    Get/set the element this label points to. Return None if it can’t be found.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag

    Element tag

  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

    Text before the first subelement. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

class lxml.html.MultipleSelectOptions(select)

  Bases: `SetMixin`

  Represents all the selected options in a `<select multiple>` element.

  You can add to this set-like option to select an option, or remove to unselect the option.

  classmethod _from_iterable(it)

    Construct an instance of the class from any iterable input.

    Must override this method if the class constructor signature does not accept an iterable for an input.

  _hash()

    Compute the hash value of a set.

    Note that we don’t define __hash__: not all sets are hashable. But if you define a hashable set type, its __hash__ should call this function.

    This must be compatible __eq__.

    All sets ought to compare equal if they contain the same elements, regardless of how they are implemented, and regardless of the order of the elements; so there’s not much freedom for __eq__ or __hash__. We match the algorithm used by the built-in frozenset type.

  add(item)

    Add an element.

  clear()

    This is slow (creates N new iterators!) but effective.

  copy()
  difference(other)
  difference_update(other)
  discard(item)

    Remove an element. Do not raise an exception if absent.

  intersection(other)
  intersection_update(other)
  isdisjoint(other)

    Return True if two sets have a null intersection.

  issubset(other)

    Return self<=value.

  issuperset(other)

    Return self>=value.

  pop()

    Return the popped value. Raise KeyError if empty.

  remove(item)

    Remove an element. If not a member, raise a KeyError.

  symmetric_difference(other)
  symmetric_difference_update(other)
  union(other)

    Return self|value.

  update(other)
  _abc_impl = <_abc._abc_data object>
  property options

    Iterator of all the `<option>` elements.

class lxml.html.RadioGroup(iterable=(), /)

  Bases: `list`

  This object represents several `<input type=radio>` elements that have the same name.

  You can use this like a list, but also use the property `.value` to check/uncheck inputs. Also you can use `.value_options` to get the possible values.

  append(object, /)

    Append object to the end of the list.

  clear()

    Remove all items from list.

  copy()

    Return a shallow copy of the list.

  count(value, /)

    Return number of occurrences of value.

  extend(iterable, /)

    Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.

  index(value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)

    Return first index of value.

    Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

  insert(index, object, /)

    Insert object before index.

  pop(index=-1, /)

    Remove and return item at index (default last).

    Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.

  remove(value, /)

    Remove first occurrence of value.

    Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

  reverse()

    Reverse IN PLACE.

  sort(*, key=None, reverse=False)

    Sort the list in ascending order and return None.

    The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the order of two equal elements is maintained).

    If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them, ascending or descending, according to their function values.

    The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.

  property value

    Get/set the value, which checks the radio with that value (and unchecks any other value).

  property value_options

    Returns a list of all the possible values.

class lxml.html.SelectElement

  Bases: `InputMixin`, `HtmlElement`

  `<select>` element. You can get the name with `.name`.

  `.value` will be the value of the selected option, unless this is a multi-select element (`<select multiple>`), in which case it will be a set-like object. In either case `.value_options` gives the possible values.

  The boolean attribute `.multiple` shows if this is a multi-select.

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, element)

    Adds a subelement to the end of this element.

  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)

    Gets an element attribute.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, element)

    Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element

  items(self)

    Gets element attributes, as a sequence. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)

    Gets a list of attribute names. The names are returned in an arbitrary order (just like for an ordinary Python dictionary).

  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)

    Gets element attribute values as a sequence of strings. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib

    Element attribute dictionary. Where possible, use get(), set(), keys(), values() and items() to access element attributes.

  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  property multiple

    Boolean attribute: is there a `multiple` attribute on this element.

  property name

    Get/set the name of the element

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag

    Element tag

  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

    Text before the first subelement. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  property value

    Get/set the value of this select (the selected option).

    If this is a multi-select, this is a set-like object that represents all the selected options.

  property value_options

    All the possible values this select can have (the `value` attribute of all the `<option>` elements.

class lxml.html.TextareaElement

  Bases: `InputMixin`, `HtmlElement`

  `<textarea>` element. You can get the name with `.name` and get/set the value with `.value`

  _init(self)

    Called after object initialisation. Custom subclasses may override this if they recursively call _init() in the superclasses.

  addnext(self, element)

    Adds the element as a following sibling directly after this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment after the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  addprevious(self, element)

    Adds the element as a preceding sibling directly before this element.

    This is normally used to set a processing instruction or comment before the root node of a document. Note that tail text is automatically discarded when adding at the root level.

  append(self, element)

    Adds a subelement to the end of this element.

  clear(self, keep_tail=False)

    Resets an element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes and sets the text and tail properties to None.

    Pass `keep_tail=True` to leave the tail text untouched.

  cssselect(expr, translator='html')

    Run the CSS expression on this element and its children, returning a list of the results.

    Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator=’html’)(self) – note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial speedup.

  drop_tag()

    Remove the tag, but not its children or text. The children and text are merged into the parent.

    Example:

        >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
        >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
        >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
        <div>Hello World!</div>

  drop_tree()

    Removes this element from the tree, including its children and text. The tail text is joined to the previous element or parent.

  extend(self, elements)

    Extends the current children by the elements in the iterable.

  find(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  find_class(class_name)

    Find any elements with the given class name.

  find_rel_links(rel)

    Find any links like `<a rel="{rel}">...</a>`; returns a list of elements.

  findall(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None)

    Finds text for the first matching subelement, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  get(self, key, default=None)

    Gets an element attribute.

  get_element_by_id(id, *default)

    Get the first element in a document with the given id. If none is found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError otherwise.

    Note that there can be more than one element with the same id, and this isn’t uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild. Browsers return only the first match, and this function does the same.

  getchildren(self)

    Returns all direct children. The elements are returned in document order.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method has been deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. New code should use `list(element)` or simply iterate over elements.

  getiterator(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Returns a sequence or iterator of all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

    Deprecated:

      Note that this method is deprecated as of ElementTree 1.3 and lxml 2.0. It returns an iterator in lxml, which diverges from the original ElementTree behaviour. If you want an efficient iterator, use the `element.iter()` method instead. You should only use this method in new code if you require backwards compatibility with older versions of lxml or ElementTree.

  getnext(self)

    Returns the following sibling of this element or None.

  getparent(self)

    Returns the parent of this element or None for the root element.

  getprevious(self)

    Returns the preceding sibling of this element or None.

  getroottree(self)

    Return an ElementTree for the root node of the document that contains this element.

    This is the same as following element.getparent() up the tree until it returns None (for the root element) and then build an ElementTree for the last parent that was returned.

  index(self, child, start=None, stop=None)

    Find the position of the child within the parent.

    This method is not part of the original ElementTree API.

  insert(self, index, element)

    Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element

  items(self)

    Gets element attributes, as a sequence. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  iter(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over all elements in the subtree in document order (depth first pre-order), starting with this element.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags: pass `"{ns}localname"` as tag. Either or both of `ns` and `localname` can be `*` for a wildcard; `ns` can be empty for no namespace. `"localname"` is equivalent to `"{}localname"` (i.e. no namespace) but `"*"` is `"{*}*"` (any or no namespace), not `"{}*"`.

    You can also pass the Element, Comment, ProcessingInstruction and Entity factory functions to look only for the specific element type.

    Passing multiple tags (or a sequence of tags) instead of a single tag will let the iterator return all elements matching any of these tags, in document order.

  iterancestors(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the ancestors of this element (from parent to parent).

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterchildren(self, tag=None, *tags, reversed=False)

    Iterate over the children of this element.

    As opposed to using normal iteration on this element, the returned elements can be reversed with the ‘reversed’ keyword and restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterdescendants(self, tag=None, *tags)

    Iterate over the descendants of this element in document order.

    As opposed to `el.iter()`, this iterator does not yield the element itself. The returned elements can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None)

    Iterates over all matching subelements, by tag name or path.

    The optional `namespaces` argument accepts a prefix-to-namespace mapping that allows the usage of XPath prefixes in the path expression.

  iterlinks()

    Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None (indicating the link is in the text). `pos` is the position where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.

    Note: <base href> is not taken into account in any way. The link you get is exactly the link in the document.

    Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or attribute value are returned in reversed order. This makes it possible to replace or delete them from the text string value based on their reported text positions. Otherwise, a modification at one text position can change the positions of links reported later on.

  itersiblings(self, tag=None, *tags, preceding=False)

    Iterate over the following or preceding siblings of this element.

    The direction is determined by the ‘preceding’ keyword which defaults to False, i.e. forward iteration over the following siblings. When True, the iterator yields the preceding siblings in reverse document order, i.e. starting right before the current element and going backwards.

    Can be restricted to find only elements with specific tags, see iter.

  itertext(self, tag=None, *tags, with_tail=True)

    Iterates over the text content of a subtree.

    You can pass tag names to restrict text content to specific elements, see iter.

    You can set the `with_tail` keyword argument to `False` to skip over tail text.

  keys(self)

    Gets a list of attribute names. The names are returned in an arbitrary order (just like for an ordinary Python dictionary).

  make_links_absolute(base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True, handle_failures=None)

    Make all links in the document absolute, given the `base_url` for the document (the full URL where the document came from), or if no `base_url` is given, then the `.base_url` of the document.

    If `resolve_base_href` is true, then any `<base href>` tags in the document are used and removed from the document. If it is false then any such tag is ignored.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with the same document.

  remove(self, element)

    Removes a matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, not on tag value or contents.

  replace(self, old_element, new_element)

    Replaces a subelement with the element passed as second argument.

  resolve_base_href(handle_failures=None)

    Find any `<base href>` tag in the document, and apply its values to all links found in the document. Also remove the tag once it has been applied.

    If `handle_failures` is None (default), a failure to process a URL will abort the processing. If set to ‘ignore’, errors are ignored. If set to ‘discard’, failing URLs will be removed.

  rewrite_links(link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True, base_href=None)

    Rewrite all the links in the document. For each link `link_repl_func(link)` will be called, and the return value will replace the old link.

    Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called `make_links_absolute()`), and may be internal (e.g., `'#anchor'`). They can also be values like `'mailto:email'` or `'javascript:expr'`.

    If you give `base_href` then all links passed to `link_repl_func()` will take that into account.

    If the `link_repl_func` returns None, the attribute or tag text will be removed completely.

  set(self, key, value=None)

    Sets an element attribute. If no value is provided, or if the value is None, creates a ‘boolean’ attribute without value, e.g. “<form novalidate></form>” for `form.set('novalidate')`.

  text_content()

    Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).

  values(self)

    Gets element attribute values as a sequence of strings. The attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

  xpath(self, _path, namespaces=None, extensions=None, smart_strings=True, **_variables)

    Evaluate an xpath expression using the element as context node.

  attrib

    Element attribute dictionary. Where possible, use get(), set(), keys(), values() and items() to access element attributes.

  base

    The base URI of the Element (xml:base or HTML base URL). None if the base URI is unknown.

    Note that the value depends on the URL of the document that holds the Element if there is no xml:base attribute on the Element or its ancestors.

    Setting this property will set an xml:base attribute on the Element, regardless of the document type (XML or HTML).

  property base_url

    Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.

    Use with `urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)` to get absolute URLs.

  property body

    Return the <body> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property classes

    A set-like wrapper around the ‘class’ attribute.

  property forms

    Return a list of all the forms

  property head

    Returns the <head> element. Can be called from a child element to get the document’s head.

  property label

    Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.

  property name

    Get/set the name of the element

  nsmap

    Namespace prefix->URI mapping known in the context of this Element. This includes all namespace declarations of the parents.

    Note that changing the returned dict has no effect on the Element.

  prefix

    Namespace prefix or None.

  sourceline

    Original line number as found by the parser or None if unknown.

  tag

    Element tag

  tail

    Text after this element’s end tag, but before the next sibling element’s start tag. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  text

    Text before the first subelement. This is either a string or the value None, if there was no text.

  property value

    Get/set the value (which is the contents of this element)

class lxml.html.XHTMLParser(**kwargs)

  Bases: `XMLParser`

  An XML parser that is configured to return lxml.html Element objects.

  Note that this parser is not really XHTML aware unless you let it load a DTD that declares the HTML entities. To do this, make sure you have the XHTML DTDs installed in your catalogs, and create the parser like this:

      >>> parser = XHTMLParser(load_dtd=True)

  If you additionally want to validate the document, use this:

      >>> parser = XHTMLParser(dtd_validation=True)

  For catalog support, see http://www.xmlsoft.org/catalog.html.

  close(self)

    Terminates feeding data to this parser. This tells the parser to process any remaining data in the feed buffer, and then returns the root Element of the tree that was parsed.

    This method must be called after passing the last chunk of data into the `feed()` method. It should only be called when using the feed parser interface, all other usage is undefined.

  copy(self)

    Create a new parser with the same configuration.

  feed(self, data)

    Feeds data to the parser. The argument should be an 8-bit string buffer containing encoded data, although Unicode is supported as long as both string types are not mixed.

    This is the main entry point to the consumer interface of a parser. The parser will parse as much of the XML stream as it can on each call. To finish parsing or to reset the parser, call the `close()` method. Both methods may raise ParseError if errors occur in the input data. If an error is raised, there is no longer a need to call `close()`.

    The feed parser interface is independent of the normal parser usage. You can use the same parser as a feed parser and in the `parse()` function concurrently.

  makeelement(self, _tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, **_extra)

    Creates a new element associated with this parser.

  set_element_class_lookup(self, lookup=None)

    Set a lookup scheme for element classes generated from this parser.

    Reset it by passing None or nothing.

  error_log

    The error log of the last parser run.

  feed_error_log

    The error log of the last (or current) run of the feed parser.

    Note that this is local to the feed parser and thus is different from what the `error_log` property returns.

  resolvers

    The custom resolver registry of this parser.

  target
  version

    The version of the underlying XML parser.

class lxml.html._MethodFunc(name, copy=False, source_class=<class 'lxml.html.HtmlMixin'>)

  Bases: `object`

  An object that represents a method on an element as a function; the function takes either an element or an HTML string. It returns whatever the function normally returns, or if the function works in-place (and so returns None) it returns a serialized form of the resulting document.

lxml.html.Element(*args, **kw)

  Create a new HTML Element.

  This can also be used for XHTML documents.

lxml.html.__bytes_replace_meta_content_type(repl, string, count=0)

  Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern in string by the replacement repl.

lxml.html.__fix_docstring(s)

lxml.html.__str_replace_meta_content_type(repl, string, count=0)

  Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern in string by the replacement repl.

lxml.html._contains_block_level_tag(el)

lxml.html._element_name(el)

lxml.html._iter_css_imports(string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)

  Return an iterator over all non-overlapping matches for the RE pattern in string.

  For each match, the iterator returns a match object.

lxml.html._iter_css_urls(string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)

  Return an iterator over all non-overlapping matches for the RE pattern in string.

  For each match, the iterator returns a match object.

lxml.html._looks_like_full_html_bytes(string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)

  Matches zero or more characters at the beginning of the string.

lxml.html._looks_like_full_html_unicode(string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)

  Matches zero or more characters at the beginning of the string.

lxml.html._nons(tag)

lxml.html._parse_meta_refresh_url(string, pos=0, endpos=9223372036854775807)

  Scan through string looking for a match, and return a corresponding match object instance.

  Return None if no position in the string matches.

lxml.html._transform_result(typ, result)

  Convert the result back into the input type.

lxml.html._unquote_match(s, pos)

lxml.html.document_fromstring(html, parser=None, ensure_head_body=False, **kw)

lxml.html.fragment_fromstring(html, create_parent=False, base_url=None, parser=None, **kw)

  Parses a single HTML element; it is an error if there is more than one element, or if anything but whitespace precedes or follows the element.

  If `create_parent` is true (or is a tag name) then a parent node will be created to encapsulate the HTML in a single element. In this case, leading or trailing text is also allowed, as are multiple elements as result of the parsing.

  Passing a `base_url` will set the document’s `base_url` attribute (and the tree’s docinfo.URL).

lxml.html.fragments_fromstring(html, no_leading_text=False, base_url=None, parser=None, **kw)

  Parses several HTML elements, returning a list of elements.

  The first item in the list may be a string. If no_leading_text is true, then it will be an error if there is leading text, and it will always be a list of only elements.

  base_url will set the document’s base_url attribute (and the tree’s docinfo.URL).

lxml.html.fromstring(html, base_url=None, parser=None, **kw)

  Parse the html, returning a single element/document.

  This tries to minimally parse the chunk of text, without knowing if it is a fragment or a document.

  base_url will set the document’s base_url attribute (and the tree’s docinfo.URL)

lxml.html.html_to_xhtml(html)

  Convert all tags in an HTML tree to XHTML by moving them to the XHTML namespace.

lxml.html.open_http_urllib(method, url, values)

lxml.html.open_in_browser(doc, encoding=None)

  Open the HTML document in a web browser, saving it to a temporary file to open it. Note that this does not delete the file after use. This is mainly meant for debugging.

lxml.html.parse(filename_or_url, parser=None, base_url=None, **kw)

  Parse a filename, URL, or file-like object into an HTML document tree. Note: this returns a tree, not an element. Use `parse(...).getroot()` to get the document root.

  You can override the base URL with the `base_url` keyword. This is most useful when parsing from a file-like object.

lxml.html.submit_form(form, extra_values=None, open_http=None)

  Helper function to submit a form. Returns a file-like object, as from `urllib.urlopen()`. This object also has a `.geturl()` function, which shows the URL if there were any redirects.

  You can use this like:

      form = doc.forms[0]
      form.inputs['foo'].value = 'bar' # etc
      response = form.submit()
      doc = parse(response)
      doc.make_links_absolute(response.geturl())

  To change the HTTP requester, pass a function as `open_http` keyword argument that opens the URL for you. The function must have the following signature:

      open_http(method, URL, values)

  The action is one of ‘GET’ or ‘POST’, the URL is the target URL as a string, and the values are a sequence of `(name, value)` tuples with the form data.

lxml.html.tostring(doc, pretty_print=False, include_meta_content_type=False, encoding=None, method='html', with_tail=True, doctype=None)

  Return an HTML string representation of the document.

  Note: if include_meta_content_type is true this will create a `<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" ...>` tag in the head; regardless of the value of include_meta_content_type any existing `<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" ...>` tag will be removed

  The `encoding` argument controls the output encoding (defaults to ASCII, with &#…; character references for any characters outside of ASCII). Note that you can pass the name `'unicode'` as `encoding` argument to serialise to a Unicode string.

  The `method` argument defines the output method. It defaults to ‘html’, but can also be ‘xml’ for xhtml output, or ‘text’ to serialise to plain text without markup.

  To leave out the tail text of the top-level element that is being serialised, pass `with_tail=False`.

  The `doctype` option allows passing in a plain string that will be serialised before the XML tree. Note that passing in non well-formed content here will make the XML output non well-formed. Also, an existing doctype in the document tree will not be removed when serialising an ElementTree instance.

  Example:

      >>> from lxml import html
      >>> root = html.fragment_fromstring('<p>Hello<br>world!</p>')

      >>> html.tostring(root)
      b'<p>Hello<br>world!</p>'
      >>> html.tostring(root, method='html')
      b'<p>Hello<br>world!</p>'

      >>> html.tostring(root, method='xml')
      b'<p>Hello<br/>world!</p>'

      >>> html.tostring(root, method='text')
      b'Helloworld!'

      >>> html.tostring(root, method='text', encoding='unicode')
      'Helloworld!'

      >>> root = html.fragment_fromstring('<div><p>Hello<br>world!</p>TAIL</div>')
      >>> html.tostring(root[0], method='text', encoding='unicode')
      'Helloworld!TAIL'

      >>> html.tostring(root[0], method='text', encoding='unicode', with_tail=False)
      'Helloworld!'

      >>> doc = html.document_fromstring('<p>Hello<br>world!</p>')
      >>> html.tostring(doc, method='html', encoding='unicode')
      '<html><body><p>Hello<br>world!</p></body></html>'

      >>> print(html.tostring(doc, method='html', encoding='unicode',
      ...          doctype='<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"'
      ...                  ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">'))
      <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
      <html><body><p>Hello<br>world!</p></body></html>

lxml.html.xhtml_to_html(xhtml)

  Convert all tags in an XHTML tree to HTML by removing their XHTML namespace.