To create a initramfs image, the most simple command is:
----
# dracut
----

This will generate a general purpose initramfs image, with all possible
functionality resulting of the combination of the installed dracut modules and
system tools. The image contains the kernel modules of
the currently active kernel with version _++<kernel-version>++_.
The default location of the image is determined by the local configuration
or Linux distribution policy.

If the initramfs image already exists, dracut will display an error message, and
to overwrite the existing image, you have to use the --force option.
----
# dracut --force
----

If you want to specify another filename for the resulting image you would issue
a command like:
----
# dracut foobar.img
----

To generate an image for a specific kernel version, the command would be:
----
# dracut foobar.img 2.6.40-1.rc5.f20
----

A shortcut to generate the image at the default location for a specific kernel
version is:
----
# dracut --kver 2.6.40-1.rc5.f20
----

If you want to create lighter, smaller initramfs images, you may want to specify
the --hostonly or -H option. Using this option, the resulting image will
contain only those dracut modules, kernel modules and filesystems, which are
needed to boot this specific machine. This has the drawback, that you can't put
the disk on another controller or machine, and that you can't switch to another
root filesystem, without recreating the initramfs image.
It is recommended to keep a copy of a general purpose image (and corresponding
kernel) as a fallback to rescue your system.

=== Inspecting the Contents
To see the contents of the image created by dracut, you can use the lsinitrd
tool.
----
# lsinitrd | less
----

To display the contents of a file in the initramfs also use the lsinitrd tool:
----
# lsinitrd -f /etc/ld.so.conf
include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
----

=== Adding dracut Modules
Some dracut modules are turned off by default and have to be activated manually.
You can do this by adding the dracut modules to the configuration file
_/etc/dracut.conf_ or _/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf_. See *dracut.conf*(5).
You can also add dracut modules on the command line
by using the -a or --add option:
----
# dracut --add module initramfs-module.img
----

To see a list of available dracut modules, use the --list-modules option:
----
# dracut --list-modules
----

=== Omitting dracut Modules
Sometimes you don't want a dracut module to be included for reasons of speed,
size or functionality. To do this, either specify the omit_dracutmodules
variable in the _dracut.conf_ or _/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf_ configuration
file (see *dracut.conf*(5)), or use the -o or --omit option
on the command line:
----
# dracut -o "multipath lvm" no-multipath-lvm.img
----

=== Adding Kernel Modules
If you need a special kernel module in the initramfs, which is not
automatically picked up by dracut, you have the use the --add-drivers option
on the command line or  the drivers variable in  the _/etc/dracut.conf_
or _/etc/dracut.conf.d/myconf.conf_ configuration file (see *dracut.conf*(5)):
----
# dracut --add-drivers mymod initramfs-with-mymod.img
----

=== Boot parameters
An initramfs generated without the "hostonly" mode, does not contain any system
configuration files (except for some special exceptions), so the configuration
has to be done on the kernel command line. With this flexibility, you can easily
boot from a changed root partition, without the need to recompile the initramfs
image. So, you could completely change your root partition (move it inside a md
raid with encryption and LVM on top), as long as you specify the correct
filesystem LABEL or UUID on the kernel command line for your root device, dracut
will find it and boot from it.

Generic initrd's are larger, but should be able to automatically boot any
bootable configuration with appropriate boot flags (root device, network
configuration information, etc.)

The kernel command line can also be provided by the dhcp server with the
root-path option. See <<NetworkBoot>>.

For a full reference of all kernel command line parameters,
see *dracut.cmdline*(7).

To get a quick start for the suitable kernel command line on your system,
use the __--print-cmdline__ option:
----
# dracut --print-cmdline
 root=UUID=8b8b6f91-95c7-4da2-831b-171e12179081 rootflags=rw,relatime,discard,data=ordered rootfstype=ext4
----

==== Specifying the root Device
This is the only option dracut really needs to boot from your root partition.
Because your root partition can live in various environments, there are a lot of
formats for the root= option. The most basic one is root=_++<path to device
node>++_:
----
root=/dev/sda2
----

Because device node names can change, dependent on the drive ordering, you are
encouraged to use the filesystem identifier (UUID) or filesystem label (LABEL)
to specify your root partition:
----
root=UUID=19e9dda3-5a38-484d-a9b0-fa6b067d0331
----

or

----
root=LABEL=myrootpartitionlabel
----

To see all UUIDs or LABELs on your system, do:
----
# ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid
----

or

----
# ls -l /dev/disk/by-label
----

If your root partition is on the network see <<NetworkBoot>>.

==== Keyboard Settings
If you have to input passwords for encrypted disk volumes, you might want to set
the keyboard layout and specify a display font.

A typical german kernel command line would contain:
----
rd.vconsole.font=eurlatgr rd.vconsole.keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys rd.locale.LANG=de_DE.UTF-8
----

Setting these options can override the setting stored on your system, if you use
a modern init system, like systemd.

==== Blacklisting Kernel Modules
Sometimes it is required to prevent the automatic kernel module loading of a
specific kernel module. To do this, just add rd.driver.blacklist=_++<kernel
module name>++_, with _++<kernel module name>++_ not containing the _.ko_
suffix, to the kernel command line. For example:
----
rd.driver.blacklist=mptsas rd.driver.blacklist=nouveau
----

The option can be specified multiple times on the kernel command line.

==== Speeding up the Boot Process
If you want to speed up the boot process, you can specify as much information
for dracut on the kernel command as possible. For example, you can tell dracut,
that you root partition is not on a LVM volume or not on a raid partition, or
that it lives inside a specific crypto LUKS encrypted volume. By default, dracut
searches everywhere. A typical dracut kernel command line for a plain primary or
logical partition would contain:
----
rd.luks=0 rd.lvm=0 rd.md=0 rd.dm=0
----

This turns off every automatic assembly of LVM, MD raids, DM raids and
crypto LUKS.

Of course, you could also omit the dracut modules in the initramfs creation
process, but then you would lose the possibility to turn it on on demand.


[[Injecting]]
=== Injecting custom Files
To add your own files to the initramfs image, you have several possibilities.

The --include option let you specify a source path and a target path.
For example
----
# dracut --include cmdline-preset /etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf initramfs-cmdline-pre.img
----
will create an initramfs image, where the file cmdline-preset will be copied
inside the initramfs to _/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf_. --include can only
be specified once.


----
# mkdir -p rd.live.overlay/etc/cmdline.d
# mkdir -p rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d
# echo "ip=dhcp" >> rd.live.overlay/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf
# echo export FOO=testtest >> rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d/testvar.conf
# echo export BAR=testtest >> rd.live.overlay/etc/conf.d/testvar.conf
# tree rd.live.overlay/
rd.live.overlay/
`-- etc
    |-- cmdline.d
    |   `-- mycmdline.conf
    `-- conf.d
        `-- testvar.conf

# dracut --include rd.live.overlay / initramfs-rd.live.overlay.img
----

This will put the contents of the rd.live.overlay directory into the root of the
initramfs image.

The --install option let you specify several files, which will get installed in
the initramfs image at the same location, as they are present on initramfs
creation time.


----
# dracut --install 'strace fsck.ext4 ssh' initramfs-dbg.img
----

This will create an initramfs with the strace, fsck.ext4 and ssh executables,
together with the libraries needed to start those. The --install option can be
specified multiple times.


[[NetworkBoot]]
=== Network Boot

If your root partition is on a network drive, you have to have the network
dracut modules installed to create a network aware initramfs image.

If you specify ip=dhcp on the kernel command line, then dracut asks a dhcp
server about the ip address for the machine. The dhcp server can also serve an
additional root-path, which will set the root device for dracut. With this
mechanism, you have static configuration on your client machine and a
centralized boot configuration on your TFTP/DHCP server. If you can't pass a
kernel command line, then you can inject _/etc/cmdline.d/mycmdline.conf_, with a
method described in <<Injecting>>.

==== Reducing the Image Size

To reduce the size of the initramfs, you should create it with by omitting all
dracut modules, which you know, you don't need to boot the machine.

You can also specify the exact dracut and kernel modules to produce a very tiny
initramfs image.

For example for a NFS image, you would do:


----
# dracut -m "nfs network base" initramfs-nfs-only.img
----

Then you would boot from this image with your target machine and reduce the size
once more by creating it on the target machine with the --host-only option:


----
# dracut -m "nfs network base" --host-only initramfs-nfs-host-only.img
----

This will reduce the size of the initramfs image significantly.


== Troubleshooting

If the boot process does not succeed, you have several options to debug the
situation.

[[identifying-your-problem-area]]
=== Identifying your problem area
. Remove ''rhgb'' and ''quiet'' from the kernel command line
. Add ''rd.shell'' to the kernel command line. This will present a shell should
dracut be unable to locate your root device
. Add ''rd.shell rd.debug log_buf_len=1M'' to the kernel command line so that
dracut shell commands are printed as they are executed
. The file /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt is generated,
which contains all the logs and the output of all significant tools, which are
mentioned later.

If you want to save that output, simply mount /boot by hand or insert an USB
stick and mount that. Then you can store the output for later inspection.

[[information-to-include-in-your-report]]
=== Information to include in your report

[[all-bug-reports]]
==== All bug reports
In all cases, the following should be mentioned and attached to your bug report:

* The exact kernel command-line used. Typically from the bootloader
configuration file (e.g. _/boot/grub2/grub.cfg_) or from _/proc/cmdline_.
* A copy of your disk partition information from _/etc/fstab_, which might be
obtained booting an old working initramfs or a rescue medium.
* Turn on dracut debugging (see _the 'debugging dracut' section_), and attach
the file /run/initramfs/rdsosreport.txt.
* If you use a dracut configuration file, please include _/etc/dracut.conf_ and
all files in _/etc/dracut.conf.d/*.conf_

[[network-root-device-related-problems]]
==== Network root device related problems
This section details information to include when experiencing problems on a
system whose root device is located on a network attached volume (e.g. iSCSI,
NFS or NBD). As well as the information from <<all-bug-reports>>, include the
following information:


* Please include the output of
+
----
# /sbin/ifup <interfacename>
# ip addr show
----

[[debugging-dracut]]
=== Debugging dracut


[[configure-a-serial-console]]
==== Configure a serial console

Successfully debugging dracut will require some form of console
logging during the system boot.  This section documents configuring a
serial console connection to record boot messages.

. First, enable serial console output for both the kernel and the bootloader.
. Open the file _/boot/grub2/grub.cfg_ for editing. Below the line ''timeout=5'', add
the following:
+
----
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
terminal --timeout=5 serial console
----
+
. Also in _/boot/grub2/grub.cfg_, add the following boot arguments to the ''kernel''
line:
+
----
console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600
----
+
. When finished, the _/boot/grub2/grub.cfg_ file should look similar to the example
below.
+
----
default=0
timeout=5
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
terminal --timeout=5 serial console
title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64)
  root (hd0,0)
  kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600
  initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img
----
+
. More detailed information on how to configure the kernel for console output
can be found at
http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Remote-Serial-Console-HOWTO.html#CONFIGURE-KERNEL.
. Redirecting non-interactive output
+
--
NOTE: You can redirect all non-interactive output to _/dev/kmsg_ and the kernel
will put it out on the console when it reaches the kernel buffer by doing

----
# exec >/dev/kmsg 2>&1 </dev/console
----
--

[[using-the-dracut-shell]]
==== Using the dracut shell

dracut offers a shell for interactive debugging in the event dracut fails to
locate your root filesystem. To enable the shell:

. Add the boot parameter ''rd.shell'' to your bootloader configuration file
(e.g. _/boot/grub2/grub.cfg_)
. Remove the boot arguments ''rhgb'' and ''quiet''
+
A sample _/boot/grub2/grub.cfg_ bootloader configuration file is listed below.
+
----
default=0
timeout=5
serial --unit=0 --speed=9600
terminal --timeout=5 serial console
title Fedora (2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64)
  root (hd0,0)
  kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_uc1-lv_root console=tty0 rd.shell
  initrd /dracut-2.6.29.5-191.fc11.x86_64.img
----
+
. If system boot fails, you will be dropped into a shell as seen in the example
below.
+
----
No root device found
Dropping to debug shell.

#
----
+
. Use this shell prompt to gather the information requested above
(see <<all-bug-reports>>).

[[accessing-the-root-volume-from-the-dracut-shell]]
==== Accessing the root volume from the dracut shell
From the dracut debug shell, you can manually perform the task of locating and
preparing your root volume for boot. The required steps will depend on how your
root volume is configured. Common scenarios include:

* A block device (e.g. _/dev/sda7_)
* A LVM logical volume (e.g. _/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00_)
* An encrypted device
  (e.g. _/dev/mapper/luks-4d5972ea-901c-4584-bd75-1da802417d83_)
* A network attached device
  (e.g. _netroot=iscsi:@192.168.0.4::3260::iqn.2009-02.org.example:for.all_)

The exact method for locating and preparing will vary. However, to continue with
a successful boot, the objective is to locate your root volume and create a
symlink _/dev/root_ which points to the file system. For example, the following
example demonstrates accessing and booting a root volume that is an encrypted
LVM Logical volume.

. Inspect your partitions using parted
+
----
# parted /dev/sda -s p
Model: ATA HTS541060G9AT00 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 60.0GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system  Flags
1      32.3kB  10.8GB  107MB   primary   ext4         boot
2      10.8GB  55.6GB  44.7GB  logical                lvm
----
+
. You recall that your root volume was a LVM logical volume. Scan and activate
any logical volumes.
+
----
# lvm vgscan
# lvm vgchange -ay
----
+
. You should see any logical volumes now using the command blkid:
+
----
# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="3de247f3-5de4-4a44-afc5-1fe179750cf7" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda2: UUID="Ek4dQw-cOtq-5MJu-OGRF-xz5k-O2l8-wdDj0I" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/linux-root: UUID="def0269e-424b-4752-acf3-1077bf96ad2c" TYPE="crypto_LUKS"
/dev/mapper/linux-home: UUID="c69127c1-f153-4ea2-b58e-4cbfa9257c5e" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/mapper/linux-swap: UUID="47b4d329-975c-4c08-b218-f9c9bf3635f1" TYPE="swap"
----
+
. From the output above, you recall that your root volume exists on an encrypted
block device. Following the guidance disk encryption guidance from the
Installation Guide, you unlock your encrypted root volume.
+
----
# UUID=$(cryptsetup luksUUID /dev/mapper/linux-root)
# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/mapper/linux-root luks-$UUID
Enter passphrase for /dev/mapper/linux-root:
Key slot 0 unlocked.
----
+
. Next, make a symbolic link to the unlocked root volume
+
----
# ln -s /dev/mapper/luks-$UUID /dev/root
----
+
. With the root volume available, you may continue booting the system by exiting
the dracut shell
+
----
# exit
----

[[additional-dracut-boot-parameters]]
==== Additional dracut boot parameters
For more debugging options, see *dracut.cmdline*(7).


[[debugging-dracut-on-shutdown]]
==== Debugging dracut on shutdown

To debug the shutdown sequence on systemd systems, you can _rd.break_
on _pre-shutdown_ or _shutdown_.

To do this from an already booted system:
----
# mkdir -p /run/initramfs/etc/cmdline.d
# echo "rd.debug rd.break=pre-shutdown rd.break=shutdown" > /run/initramfs/etc/cmdline.d/debug.conf
# touch /run/initramfs/.need_shutdown
----

This will give you a dracut shell after the system pivot'ed back in the
initramfs.
